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Polish orthography
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Note: This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. See IPA chart for English for a pronunciation key.The Polish alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet but uses diacritics such as kreska (graphically similar to acute accent), superior dot and ogonek. It was one of the few Latin-character Slavic languages that did not adopt a version of the Czech orthography.
A a [a]
Ą Ą ą ą [ɔ̃] [ɔ], [ɔm], [ɔn], [ɔŋ], [ɔɲ]
B b [b] [p]
C c [ʦ] [ʣ], [ʨ]
Ć Ć ć ć [ʨ] [ʥ]
D d [d] [t]
E e [ɛ]
Ę Ę ę ę [ɛ̃] [ɛ], [ɛm], [ɛn], [ɛŋ], [ɛɲ]
F f [f] [v]
G g [g] [k]
H h [x] [ɣ]
I i [i] [i̯], mute (softens preceding consonant)
J j [i̯] or [j]
K k [k] [g]
L l [l]
Ł Ł ł ł [u̯] or [w] [ɫ] in eastern dialects
M m [m]
N n [n] [ŋ], [ɲ]
Ń Ń ń ń [ɲ]
O o [ɔ]
Ó Ó ó ó [u]
P p [p] [b]
R r [r]
S s [s] [z], [ɕ]
Ś Ś ś ś [ɕ] [ʑ]
T t [t] [d]
U u [u] [u̯]
W w [v] [f]
Y y [ɨ]
Z z [z] [s], [ʑ]
Ź Ź ź ź [ʑ] [ɕ]
Ż Ż ż ż [ʒ] [ʃ]
Polish orthography also includes seven digraphs:
Ch ch [x] [ɣ]
Cz cz [ʧ] [ʤ]
Dz dz [ʣ] [ʦ], [ʥ], [d-z]
Dź DŹ dź dź [ʥ] [ʨ], [d-ʑ]
Dż DŻ dż dż [ʤ] [ʧ], [d-ʒ]
Rz rz [ʒ] [ʃ], [r-z]
Sz sz [ʃ] [ʒ]
Note that although the Polish orthography is mostly phonetic, some sounds may be written in more than one way:
[x] as either h or ch
[ʒ] as either ż or rz (though rż denotes a [r-ʒ] cluster)
[u] as either u or ó
some soft consonants as either ć, dź, ń, ś, ź, or ci, dzi, ni, si, zi
Unlike in English, if consonants are doubled in script, it means that they are also doubled in pronunciation, for example: wanna ['vanna], not ['vana] ('bathtub'); motto ['mɔttɔ], not ['mɔtɔ].
